هناك عدة حالات لتحويل الجملة الى النفى :-

ÿ اولا فى حالة وجود فعل مساعد : نضع 'not' بعد الفعل المساعد.

Ex: She is here.

→  She is not here.

ÿ ثانيا فى حالة عدم وجود فعل مساعد :-

D اذا جاء الفعل المضارع بدون 's' نستخدم

Do not + المصدر

Ex: They play football.

→  They don't play football.

D اذا جاء الفعل المضارع منتهى بـ 's' نستخدم

Does not + المصدر

Ex: He plays football.

→  He doesn't play football.

D اما اذا جاء الفعل فى الماضى نستخدم

Did not +المصدر

Ex: He played football.

→  He didn't play football.

B اذا جاء فعل 'have' فعل رئيسى فى الجملة بمعنى يملك، يعامل معاملة الفعل العادى.

Ex: He has a car.

→  He doesn't have a car.

Ex: They have a car.

→  They don't have a car.

Ex: He had a car.

→  He didn't have a car.

B اذا جاء فعل 'do' فعل رئيسى بمعنى يفعل، يعامل معاملة الفعل العادى.

Ex: He does his duty.

→  He doesn't do his duty.

Ex: They do their duties.

→  They don't do their duties.

Ex: He did his duty.

→  He didn't do his duty.

 ÿثالثا هناك حالات شاذة تحول كالاتى :-

1-    Some → No / Not any.

a)     He gave me some money.

→ He didn't give me any money.

→ He gave me no money.

b)    There is something in the desk.

→ There is no thing in the desk.

→ There isn't any thing in the desk.

c)     There is somebody (someone) in the room.

→ There is nobody (no one) in the room.

→ There isn't anybody (anyone) in the room.

d)    He went somewhere.

→ He went no where.

→ He didn't go anywhere.

2-  Sometimes / some day / always / Often → Never.

a)     He sometimes plays in the street.

→ He never plays in the street.

b)    He always comes late.

→ He never comes late.

3-  Both.....and / Either......or → Neither ......nor.

a)     Both the girl and her sister go to school.

→ Neither the girl nor her sister goes to school.

b)    He is either a teacher or a doctor.

→ He is neither a teacher nor a doctor.

4-  All → Not all / None of

Every → Not every / No

Each → Not each / No

a)     All pupils are clever.

→ Not all pupils are clever.

→ None of pupils is (are) clever.

b)    Every pupil is clever.

→ Not every pupil is clever.

→ No pupil is clever.

5-  Everybody → No body.

Everyone → No one

Each one → Not anyone

    Ex: Everybody came.

    →  No body came.

6-  Also / Too → Not ...either.

Ex: He helped his brother, also (too).

→  He didn't help his brother, either.

7-  And → Or (اذا كان الفعلين لفاعل واحد)  

Ex: He answered the exercise and gave it to the teacher.

→  He didn't answer the exercise or give it to the teacher.

 تبقى 'and' كماهى فى حالة وجود فاعلين

Ex: He played football and his brother went to cinema.

→  He didn't play football and his brother didn't go to cinema.

8-  And so → And neither / And nor / Not either

Ex: He sold his car and so his friend.

→  He didn't sell his car and neither did his friend.

→  He didn't sell his car and his friend didn't either.

9-  Just / Already / Recently → Not yet.

Ex: He has already written his homework.

→  He hasn't written his homework yet.

→ He hasn't yet written his homework.

10- As...as → Not as (so).....as

Ex: She is as beautiful as her sister.

→  She is not as (so) beautiful as her sister.

11- فعل الامر

Ex: Write your name on the paper.

→  Don't write your name on the paper.

12- Must الزام → Needn't عدم الزام

Ex: He must take a taxi to arrive in time.

→  He needn't take a taxi to arrive in time.

13- Must be استنتاج → Can't be

Ex: He works for a long time, he must be tired.

→  He doesn't work for a long time, he can't be tired.

14- A lot of → Many اذا كان بعدها عدد

      A lot of → Much اذا كان بعدها كمية او شئ معنوى

a) He has got a lot of books.

→ He hasn't got many books.

b) He has got a lot of money.

→ He hasn't got much money.

c)     He has got a lot of freedom.

→ He hasn't got much freedom.

& Exercise:-

@ Choose the correct answer from these in brackets:-

1-    An engineer knows about machines but teachers (doesn't / don't / aren't / are).

2-    Neither of your answers (is / was / were / had) correct yesterday.

3-    He (doesn't / didn't / hadn't / won't) go to school nor did his friend.

4-    He didn't buy a car (also / either / neither / not any).

5-    (No / None / Not / No one) of these medicines has done me much good.

@ Change in to negative:-

1-    Both Samy and Ramy are late.

2-    We saw somebody there.

3-    Pay attention to what he says.

4-    He as clever as his brother.

5-    He went to the club and played tennis.

يستخدم فعل الأمر لاعطاء اوامر او تعليمات او لتوجيه الدعوات

يتكون الامر من مصدر الفعل'Inf.'

Ex: Open the window.

يتكون نفى المر باستخدام "Don't"

Ex: Don't open the window.

 Let's تستخدم للاقتراحات  

Ex: Let's go to the club.

# فى حالة نفى "let's" نضع "not" بعدها

Ex: Let's not go to the club.

 

& Exercise:-

@ Choose the correct answer:

1-    Please (you open / opened / open) the window.

2-    (Is / Be / Being) quiet, the baby is asleep.

3-    The cooker is too hot, (touch / not touch / don't touch) it.

4-    (You turn / Turned / Turn) down the stereo if you don't mind.

5-    (Let's not / Let's don't / Not let's) be late.

6-    (Let's / let is / Let we) go to a picnic.

7-    I'll be late, (don't / not / doesn't) wait for me.

8-    (Go / Gone / Goes) strait then (turn / turned / turning) on the right.

هناك اربعة درجات او حالات لـ'If'  

 uالحالة الاولى و تعبر عن الامكانية:

If                     →     مضارع بسيط                     →    will / shall + Inf.

Ex: If he plays well, he will win the match.

      If you smile, you will win a friend.

 vالحالة الثانية و تعبر عن غير المحتمل:

If                     →    ماضى بسيط                                   →      would / should + Inf.

Ex: If he had time, he would help me.

      If you studied, you would succeed.

 wالحالة الثالثة و تعبر عن الاستحالة:

If                     →    ماضى تام                                     →       would have / should have + P.p.

Ex: If you had studied, you would have succeeded.

      If he had had enough money, he would have travelled abroad.

t الحالة الصفرية و تعبر عن الدوام و تشير الى الحقائق الدائمة:

If                    →    مضارع بسيط                       →       مضارع بسيط

Ex: If you heat a metal, it expands.

      If you press the button, the machine works.

Will / Shall + Inf.                                                 If                 مضارع بسيط

Would / Should + Inf.                                         If                 ماضى بسيط

Would have / should have + P.p.                      If                 ماضى تام

                                                  مضارع بسيط          If                 مضارع بسيط

# ملاحظات:

ë اذا اردنا عمل جملة تامة و كان فى الجملة صفة نستخدم:- الصفة +V.To.Be  + الفاعل

Ex: A good girl.    →     The girl is good.

ë يمكن استخدام (can / may / shall) بدلا من (will)

Ex: If it is fine we can go for a swim.

ë اذا جاء فى بداية الجملة (were / had / should) تعتبر مساوية لـ (If)

Ex: Were I in your place I would study well.

ë اذا طلب استخدام 'were' فى بداية الجملة و كان فى الجملة فعل اساسى نجعله فى المصدر مسبوقا بكلمة 'to' للحفاظ على المعنى.

Ex: If he had a lot of money he could travel abroad.  (Begin with: Were ...)

→  Were he to have a lot of money he could travel abroad.

ë اذا جاءت If تربط بين جملتين فى الماضى البسيط نرفع الزمن فنستخدم الحالة الثالثة لـ If مع جعل الاثبات نفى و النفى اثبات :

Ex: Samy didn't receive his friend at the airport because he was ill. (Use: If)

→ If Samy had not been ill, he would have received his friend at the airport.

ë اذا جاءت If تربط بين جملتين فى المضارع البسيط نرفع الزمن فنستخدم الحالة الثانية لـIf  مع جعل الاثبات نفى و النفى اثبات و اذا جاء فى الجملة اسم نبدأ به الجملة ما عدا الحقائق تظل فى زمن المضارع بدون تغيير:

Ex: Sara writes a bad letter. She got low marks.

→  If Sara didn't write a bad letter she would not get low marks.

ä كلمة 'Unless' مساوية لـ 'If not'  بمعنى اذا لم و نطبق نفس قاعدة 'If'.

Will / Shall + Inf.                                                  Unless                  مضارع بسيط

Would / Should + Inf.                                        Unless                  ماضى بسيط

Would have / should have + P.p.                      Unless                     ماضى تام

مضارع بسيط                                                            Unless                     مضارع بسيط

Ex: Unless he plays well, he will lose the match.

      Unless he helped me, I would be angry.

& Exercise:-

@ Do as shown in the brackets:-

1-    If he won the match he would have a prize.  (Use: unless)

2-    Without blood banks, many wounded persons would die.  (Use: if)

3-    If he answered this question, he would succeed.  (Use: unless)

4-    He is careless. He makes accident.  (Join with: if)

5-    He is ill. He goes to school.  (Join with: unless)

ë يستخدم المستقبل التام ليعبر عن حدث فى المستقبل متوقع ان ينتهى قبل او بعد او عند نقطة زمنية فى المستقبل.

B يتكون المستقبل التام من : "will / shall + have + P.p."

Ex: I will have finished my work in two hours.

# يأتى المستقبل التام غالباً مع :-

in + فترة من الوقت

Ex: He will have travelled in three days.

by + وقت محدد فى المستقبل

Ex: He will have slept ten hours by launch time.

This time +وقت محدد فى المستقبل

Ex: This time next week I will have been in Cairo.

& Exercise:

@ Correct the verbs in the brackets:

1-    I (watch) T.V. at six.

2-    When you arrive, he (sleep).

3-    I (study) while you are taking your bath.

4-    He (work) as usual.

5-    I (stay) home the Fridays. You can phone me.

6-    I (finish) my homework by six O'clock.

7-    She (go) before you arrive.

8-    She (stay) almost three years next January.

It's four O'clock. He (reach) home by now.

ëيستخدم زمن المستقبل المستمر ليعبر عن حدث مستمر فى المستقبل او ليعبر عن حدث فى المستقبل دون قصد اى سيحدث فى المجرى العادى للاحداث او حدث روتينى.

B يتكون المستقبل المستمر من:"will / shall + be + V. + ing"

Ex: I'll be staying at my aunt's during the next two weeks.

ÿ اذا جاء فى الجملة كلمة'all' مع زمن فى المستقبل تعتبر الجملة فى زمن المستقبل المستمر.

Ex: She will be watching T.V. all tomorrow morning

ë يعبر زمن المستقبل البسيط عن حدث فى المستقبل ، قرار مفاجئ لعمل شئ ، الرغبة او الاستجابة لعمل او عدم عمل شئ فى المستقبل ، لطلب من شخص فعل شئ .

B يتكون المستقبل البسيط من 'shall / will' وياتى بعدهم المصدر. تاتى 'shall' مع 'I / we' اما 'will' فتاتى مع كل الضمائر.

Ex: He will come next week.

      I shall leave tomorrow.

B تستخدم 'shall' غالبا للاقتراحات او لتقديم عرض.

Ex: Shall I carry the bag for you?  (Offer)

      Shall we go to the club?          (Suggestion)

# ياتى هذا الزمن مع:-

tomorrow, shortly, soon, in future, probably, I expect, I think, next… (week, year),

in few… (minutes, hours).

& يتكون النفى فى المستقبل البسيط باضافة 'not' :-

Shall → shan't (shall not).               Will → won't (will not).

ÿ يمكن استخدام " am, is, are + going to + Inf." للتعبير عن نية المتكلم فى فعل شئ او للتأكيد فى المستقبل و ذلك بدلا من 'shall, will' .

Ex: I feel pain I think I am going to be sick.

      He is going to leave tomorrow.

& Exercise:

@ Choose the correct answer:

1-    I (am / was / shall be / would be) thirty years old next year.

2-    He (meet / met / will meet / has met) you tomorrow.

3-    He (goes / is going / will go / would go) to travel to Europe next month.

4-    I (was going / go / will go / am going) and shut the window.

5-    I can't meet you tomorrow because my parents (will come / come / are coming / were coming) to see me.

6-    (Will I / Do I / Shall I / Did I) open the window for you?

@ Correct the verb in the brackets:

1-    I (send) you a postcard next week.

2-    He (fly) to Rome next Friday.

3-    I (not leave) next week.

4-    I think she (be) back soon.

5-    He (visit) us next week.

6-    I (finish) my work soon.