هناك عدة حالات لتحويل الجملة الى النفى :-

ÿ اولا فى حالة وجود فعل مساعد : نضع 'not' بعد الفعل المساعد.

Ex: She is here.

→  She is not here.

ÿ ثانيا فى حالة عدم وجود فعل مساعد :-

D اذا جاء الفعل المضارع بدون 's' نستخدم

Do not + المصدر

Ex: They play football.

→  They don't play football.

D اذا جاء الفعل المضارع منتهى بـ 's' نستخدم

Does not + المصدر

Ex: He plays football.

→  He doesn't play football.

D اما اذا جاء الفعل فى الماضى نستخدم

Did not +المصدر

Ex: He played football.

→  He didn't play football.

B اذا جاء فعل 'have' فعل رئيسى فى الجملة بمعنى يملك، يعامل معاملة الفعل العادى.

Ex: He has a car.

→  He doesn't have a car.

Ex: They have a car.

→  They don't have a car.

Ex: He had a car.

→  He didn't have a car.

B اذا جاء فعل 'do' فعل رئيسى بمعنى يفعل، يعامل معاملة الفعل العادى.

Ex: He does his duty.

→  He doesn't do his duty.

Ex: They do their duties.

→  They don't do their duties.

Ex: He did his duty.

→  He didn't do his duty.

 ÿثالثا هناك حالات شاذة تحول كالاتى :-

1-    Some → No / Not any.

a)     He gave me some money.

→ He didn't give me any money.

→ He gave me no money.

b)    There is something in the desk.

→ There is no thing in the desk.

→ There isn't any thing in the desk.

c)     There is somebody (someone) in the room.

→ There is nobody (no one) in the room.

→ There isn't anybody (anyone) in the room.

d)    He went somewhere.

→ He went no where.

→ He didn't go anywhere.

2-  Sometimes / some day / always / Often → Never.

a)     He sometimes plays in the street.

→ He never plays in the street.

b)    He always comes late.

→ He never comes late.

3-  Both.....and / Either......or → Neither ......nor.

a)     Both the girl and her sister go to school.

→ Neither the girl nor her sister goes to school.

b)    He is either a teacher or a doctor.

→ He is neither a teacher nor a doctor.

4-  All → Not all / None of

Every → Not every / No

Each → Not each / No

a)     All pupils are clever.

→ Not all pupils are clever.

→ None of pupils is (are) clever.

b)    Every pupil is clever.

→ Not every pupil is clever.

→ No pupil is clever.

5-  Everybody → No body.

Everyone → No one

Each one → Not anyone

    Ex: Everybody came.

    →  No body came.

6-  Also / Too → Not ...either.

Ex: He helped his brother, also (too).

→  He didn't help his brother, either.

7-  And → Or (اذا كان الفعلين لفاعل واحد)  

Ex: He answered the exercise and gave it to the teacher.

→  He didn't answer the exercise or give it to the teacher.

 تبقى 'and' كماهى فى حالة وجود فاعلين

Ex: He played football and his brother went to cinema.

→  He didn't play football and his brother didn't go to cinema.

8-  And so → And neither / And nor / Not either

Ex: He sold his car and so his friend.

→  He didn't sell his car and neither did his friend.

→  He didn't sell his car and his friend didn't either.

9-  Just / Already / Recently → Not yet.

Ex: He has already written his homework.

→  He hasn't written his homework yet.

→ He hasn't yet written his homework.

10- As...as → Not as (so).....as

Ex: She is as beautiful as her sister.

→  She is not as (so) beautiful as her sister.

11- فعل الامر

Ex: Write your name on the paper.

→  Don't write your name on the paper.

12- Must الزام → Needn't عدم الزام

Ex: He must take a taxi to arrive in time.

→  He needn't take a taxi to arrive in time.

13- Must be استنتاج → Can't be

Ex: He works for a long time, he must be tired.

→  He doesn't work for a long time, he can't be tired.

14- A lot of → Many اذا كان بعدها عدد

      A lot of → Much اذا كان بعدها كمية او شئ معنوى

a) He has got a lot of books.

→ He hasn't got many books.

b) He has got a lot of money.

→ He hasn't got much money.

c)     He has got a lot of freedom.

→ He hasn't got much freedom.

& Exercise:-

@ Choose the correct answer from these in brackets:-

1-    An engineer knows about machines but teachers (doesn't / don't / aren't / are).

2-    Neither of your answers (is / was / were / had) correct yesterday.

3-    He (doesn't / didn't / hadn't / won't) go to school nor did his friend.

4-    He didn't buy a car (also / either / neither / not any).

5-    (No / None / Not / No one) of these medicines has done me much good.

@ Change in to negative:-

1-    Both Samy and Ramy are late.

2-    We saw somebody there.

3-    Pay attention to what he says.

4-    He as clever as his brother.

5-    He went to the club and played tennis.

يستخدم فعل الأمر لاعطاء اوامر او تعليمات او لتوجيه الدعوات

يتكون الامر من مصدر الفعل'Inf.'

Ex: Open the window.

يتكون نفى المر باستخدام "Don't"

Ex: Don't open the window.

 Let's تستخدم للاقتراحات  

Ex: Let's go to the club.

# فى حالة نفى "let's" نضع "not" بعدها

Ex: Let's not go to the club.

 

& Exercise:-

@ Choose the correct answer:

1-    Please (you open / opened / open) the window.

2-    (Is / Be / Being) quiet, the baby is asleep.

3-    The cooker is too hot, (touch / not touch / don't touch) it.

4-    (You turn / Turned / Turn) down the stereo if you don't mind.

5-    (Let's not / Let's don't / Not let's) be late.

6-    (Let's / let is / Let we) go to a picnic.

7-    I'll be late, (don't / not / doesn't) wait for me.

8-    (Go / Gone / Goes) strait then (turn / turned / turning) on the right.

يستخدم زمن المضارع التام ليدل على حدث تم منذ وقت قريب جدا. كما يدل على حدث وقع في الماضى و مازال مستمرا حتى الوقت الحاضر.

يتكون المضارع التام من: " have / has + P.p"

Ex: He has studied for a week.

يأتي هذا الزمن مع:

just, already, recently, lately, rarely, ever, never.

تأتى هذه الكلمات بعد الفعل المساعد و قبل الفعل الاساسى.

Ex: He has lately visited us.

من علامات المضارع التام أيضا :

Yet:-حتى الآن   

توضع بعد الفعل المساعد و قبل الفعل الاساسى أو في نهاية الجملة.

Ex: He hasn't yet come.

      He hasn't come yet.

So far, Up till now:-حتى الآن   

تأتى في بداية الجملة أو في نهايتها.

Ex: So far he has won two prizes.

      He has got two medals up till now.

Since:-  منذ       

يأتي المضارع التام قبل 'since' و ياتى بعدها ماضي بسيط.

Ex: He has worked here since he returned home.

      She hasn't sent any letters since she visited us.

إذا جاء مع 'since' فعل واحد يكون مضارع تام.

Ex: Since 1988 he has lived here.

      He has finished his lessons since five O'clock.

إذا جاءت الجملة تدل على الماضي و طلب استخدام المضارع التام نطبق قاعدة 'since' مع جعل الجملة التي قبل 'since' نفى اى ننفى المضارع التام.

Ex: I used my camera when I was in Aswan last year.     (since)

→  I haven't used my camera since I was in Aswan last year.

For:-منذ       

يأتي المضارع التام قبل 'for' و ياتى بعدها فترة زمنية غير محددة

Ex: She has worked for a year.

يستخدم زمن المضارع المستمر للتعبير عن حدث يحدث الآن أي مستمر وقت الكلام.

     وللتعبير عن خطط في المستقبل.

يتكون المضارع المستمر من 'am / is / are + V. + ing' .

Ex: He is working now.

في حالة انتهاء الفعل ب'e' تحذف و نضع 'ing'.

Ex: write → is writing   come → is coming        

أما إذا كان الحرف 'e' يسبقه حرف متحرك فلا يحذف.

Ex: see → is seeing        agree → is agreeing

أما إذا جاء الفعل ينتهي بحرف ساكن و يسبقه حرف متحرك واحد تتم مضاعفة الحرف الساكن ما عدا

     'r / w / y'.

Ex: run → is running     hit → is hitting     endanger → is endangering    

                  draw → is drawing                            play → is playing

إذا جاء الفعل ينتهي بـ 'ie' تحول إلى 'y' ثم نضع 'ing'.

Ex: lie → is lying

# ياتى هذا الزمن مع :

now, look, listen, at this moment, at the present, hurry up, still.

& يتكون النفي بوضع 'not' بعد 'V.To.Be'.

Ex: He is not playing football now.

& Exercise:

@ Choose the correct answer:

1-    Now I (am / am being / be) at home and I (do / am doing / done) my homework.

2-    I usually (read / am reading / reads) detective stories but now I (read / reads / am reading) a love story.

3-    He generally (wear / wears / is wearing) a black suit but he (does not wear / is not wearing / do not wear) it now.

4-    Listen she (sing / is singing / sung).

5-    She (read / is reading / was reading) now.

@ Correct the verbs in the brackets:

1-    My mother (be) in the kitchen now. She (cook) the dinner.

2-    She usually (write) her homework in the school but she (write) it now.

3-    Look, he (hit) the little boy.

4-    Now, he (finish) some work for the college.

5-    He (watch) T.V. every evening, but he (not watch) it now

يستخدم زمن المضارع البسيط للدلالة على عادة أو حقيقة.

يأتي المضارع البسيط في صورة التصريف الأول للفعل ( اى الفعل بدون تغيير في المصدر)

 Ex: I play    We play       You play        They play

نضيف 's' مع الأسماء التي تدل على المفرد الغائب و الضمائر 'he / she / it' .

Ex: He writes.                          She writes.               It floats.

      The boy writes.                 The girl writes.         The wood floats.    

 إما مع الأفعال التي تنتهي بـ (o / sh / ch / ss / x) نضع 'es'.

Ex: He goes / brushes / catches / kisses / boxes.

إذا جاء الفعل منتهى ب 'y' نحذف الـ 'y' إذا كان مسبوقا بحرف ساكن  نضع 'ies' أما إذا كان يسبقه حرف متحرك نضع 's' فقط .

Ex: He carries the bag.

      He obeys his father.

# ياتى هذا الزمن مع :-

always, usually, sometimes, often, never, generally, today, every … (day, week)

 تأتى هذه العلامات قبل الفعل الاساسى و بعد الفعل المساعد. إذا كان'V.To.Be'  فعل اساسى تأتى بعده.

Ex: He is always late.

      He always comes late.

& لتحويل فعل مضارع بسيط إلى النفي نستخدم ' doesn't / don't ' في حالة عدم وجود فعل مساعد. تحذف الـ 's' عند وضع 'does' .

Ex: He doesn't come late.

& Exercise:-

@ Choose the correct answer:

1-    He (watch / watches / is watching / watched) a football game every Friday.

2-    The earth (circles / is circling / circled / is circled) the sun every 365 days.

3-    It (rain / rains / is raining / is rained) in Egypt in winter.

4-    The police man always (catch / catched / catches / catchs) the thieves.

@ Correct the verbs in the brackets:

1-    The sun (get) very hot during the afternoon.

2-    He usually (study) the reports in the morning.

3-    Wood (float) on the water but iron (not float).

4-    She often (go) home on foot.

5-    The police men always (catch) the thieves.

6-    The Nile (rise) in central Africa.

Subject فاعل → Verb فعل → Object مفعول → Manner حال → Place ظرف مكان → Time ظرف زمان.

Ex: Samy ate an apple greedily at home yesterday.

÷ ظرف الزمان قد يأتي في بداية الجملة .

Ex: Yesterday Samy ate an apple greedily at home.

÷ ياتى الترتيب السابق في كل جملة حتى لو قل عدد العناصر :-

Ex: He opened the door quietly.

Ex: He helps me.

& Exercise:-

Rearrange the following:-

1- ate – he – last week – an orange – greedily – in the school.

2-cooks – well – she – food – everyday – in the kitchen.

3- in the club – football – Ramy – yesterday – played – well.

4- yesterday – played –in the garden – the children – quietly – football.

The simple sentence: -    الجملة البسيطة

 

÷ الجملة البسيطة هي كل جمله بها فعل واحد اساسى ( غير مساعد).

Ex: Ramy helps us.

# هناك عدة طرق لنربط جملتين أو أكثر لكي نكون جمله واحدة بسيطة.

# By using the adjective: - باستخدام الصفة

Ex: She bought a dress. It was nice.

→ She bought a nice dress.

ó الصفة تصف الاسم و تأتى قبله فإذا جاء في الجملة صفة تصف المفعول توضع قبله.

Ex: He is a man good. Q

      He is a good man. R

ó إذا جاء للمفعول صفتين توضعا قبله أيضا:-

Ex: I have a friend. He is good. He is clever.

☞  I have a good clever friend. R

☞  I have a good and clever friend. R

☞  I have a good and a clever friend. Q

óلاحظ المثال الأتي :-

1 → We have a black and white dog.

2 → We have a black and a white dog.

ä The first sentence means one coloured dog. The second means two dogs, one is black and the other is white.

# By using the infinitive باستخدام المصدر  

Ex: She is clever. She can help me.

→  She is clever enough to help me.

Ex: He is very bad. He can't help me.

→   He is too bad to help me.

ë إذا جاء في الجملة صفة للفاعل نستخدم:-

في الإثبات  E Adj.  صفه + enough to + Inf.مصدر

في النفي E too + Adj. + to + Inf.

تحذف كلمة (very / so / quite ) لأنها مساوية لـ (enough / too  ) .

ë أما إذا اختلف الفاعلان فإما الطريقة الأولى أو:-

في الإثبات  C Adj. + enough + for + فاعل (2) في صورة مفعول + to + Inf.

في النفي  C too + Adj. + for + فاعل (2) في صورة مفعول + to + Inf.

ë يجب تحويل الضمائر أما الأسماء فتبقى كما هي بدون تغيير:-

- I → for me                - He → for him                 - She → for her

- You → for you          - We → for us                   - They → for them

Ex: The bag is light. She can carry it.

→ The bag is light enough to carry.

→ The bag is light enough for her to carry.

Ex: The tea is very hot. I can't drink it.

→ The tea is too hot to drink.

→ The tea is too hot for me to drink.

ëأما إذا جاء في الجملة الثانية كلمة ( want to ) تحذف و نضع مكانها:-

To

So as to                               + Inf.

In order to

Ex: He studied hard. He wanted to succeed.

→  He studied hard to succeed.

ëأما في النفي نستخدم :-

Not to

So as not to                        + Inf.

In order not to

Ex: He ran fast. He didn't want to miss the train.

→  He ran fast in order not to miss the train.

 

# By using the gerund (V. + ing) باستخدام اسم الفاعل   

Ex: She heard the news. She slept.

→ Hearing the news she slept.

→ On hearing the news she slept.

óلاستخدامها نتبع الاتى :-

V. + ing → باقي الجملة

On + V. + ing → باقي الجملة

·        الفعل الأول يعود إلى المصدر ثم نضيف ing و يوضع في بداية الجملة

·        إذا جاء في الجملة اسم علم يحذف الضمير و يوضع الاسم مكانه

Ex: Ramy helped us. He left.

→ Helping us Ramy left.

→ On helping us Ramy left.

# By using a preposition:-  

باستخدام حرف الجر 'at' مع ظرف الزمان و المكان :-

Ex: He met me. It was five O'clock.

→  He met me at five O'clock.

Ex: I helped her. She was at home.

 → I helped her at home.

& Exercise:-

Make a simple sentence:-

1-    I can't reach this shelf. It is very high.

2-    This car is expensive. He can't buy it.

3-    This wall is low. Fatma can climb it.

4-    She bought a car. It is old

5-    He obeyed his father and studied. He didn't want to be punished.

6-    He finished work. He left.

7-    I found the door locked. I went into the kitchen.

8-    I met her. She was at home.